Mac Mathúna (Liam)

PDF Version

3225.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Some words for `(man-made) ridge’ in Irish: fu(i)th(a)irbe; immaire; indra, indrad.
In BBCS 26/4 (May, 1976), pp. 445–449.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
704.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): On the expression of ‘rain’ and ‘it is raining’ in Irish.
In Ériu 29 (1978), pp. 39–57.
1. Introduction; 2.0 OIr. flechud, fliuch; 2.1 OIr. bráen; 2.2 OIr. folc; 3.0 OIr. feraid flechud; MIr. ferthain; 3.1 MIr. bā̆istech; 3.2 OIr. snigid; 3.3 EModIr. silid; 4.0 ModIr.: Introduction; 4.1 Munster; 4.2 cuir as auxiliary; 4.3 Scottish Gaelic; Manx Gaelic (uisge, sileadh; fliaghey, fliaghagh, ceau). Section 4 is based mainly on LASID quests 270, 846-48, 896.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
5095.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): On the expression and concept of blindness in Irish.
In StH 19 (1979), pp. 26–62.
OIr. dall, cáech, goll, lethcháech.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
1732.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Geilt sa chiall duine lomnocht.
In Éigse 18/1 (1980), pp. 39–42.
Includes the paradigm of geilt in both Early and Modern Irish.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
3275.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): ‘Snow’ and ‘it is snowing’ in Irish and Welsh: a semantic study.
In BBCS 29/1 (Nov., 1980), pp. 66–79.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
7717.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): I dtreo anailís chodarsnach Gaeilge-Béarla.
In TnaG 1 (1980), pp. 72–91.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
7724.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Gnéithe d’fhoghlaim agus d’úasáid dara teangacha in Éirinn.
In TnaG 2 (1981), pp. 96–105.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
5106.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Old Irish heights and word-field potential.
In StH 24 (1984–1988), pp. 29–50.
OIr. ard, ardae, dígas, dígsa, mullach, slíab, tulach.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
7985.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The potential for Irish-English dual medium instruction in the primary school.
In Teanga 5 (1985), pp. 57–71.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
8230.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Continuity and innovation in Early Irish words for ‘water expanse’.
In Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz (1987), pp. 83–99.
Inland pool, lake: linn and loch; Coastal inlet: inber, gabul, gobél, cúan and muincenn; The sea: muir, ler, fairrge and ocían.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17487.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Pobal na Gaeilge: oidhrí agus ceannródaithe / aistí le Liam Mac Mathúna.
Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1987. v + 143 pp.
Rev. by
Máirtín Ó Murchú, in StH 28 (1994), pp. 194-195.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
9684.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Saothrú na sanasaíochta agus na Nua-Ghaeilge.
In Teangeolas 24 (Earrach, 1988), pp. 20–23.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
7994.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Tilling some Irish lexical fields.
In Teanga 9 (1989), pp. 84–99.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
2279.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The topographical vocabulary of Irish: patterns and implications.
In Ainm 4 (1989–1990), pp. 144–164.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
493.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): On the semantics of Irish words derived from IE *gu̯her- ‘hot’.
In Celtica 21 (1990), pp. 273–290.
[1.] fo-geir and guirid (goirid) in the Cambrai Homily and the Glosses; [2.] Legal contexts [gor, ingor, goire]; [3.] DIL’s 1 gor; [4.] Further illustrative verbal citations; [5.] goirt, gortae, gortach, gortaigid and gortugud; [6.] grís and derivatives; [7.] Modern Irish evidence.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17528.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Dúchas agus dóchas: scéal na Gaeilge i mBaile Átha Cliath.
Baile Átha Cliath: Glór na nGael, 1991. x + 94 pp.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
5939.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The topographical components of the place-names in Táin bó Cúailnge and other selected early Irish texts.
In Studien zur Táin bó Cúailnge (1993), pp. 100–113.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17286.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The scope of landscape: some contrasts and realignments within the topographical vocabulary of Early Irish.
In SCJ-NS 6 (Apr., 1994), pp. 37–51.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
6373.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The Vikings in Ireland: contemporary reaction and cultural legacy.
In 4th Symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica (1997), pp. 41–65.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17723.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Ar thóir an fhocail chruinn: polasaí agus cur chuige lucht iriseoireachta, téarmaíochta agus oideachais.
In Ar thóir an fhocail chruinn (1997), pp. 55–62.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
1212.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Observations on Irish lann `(piece of) land; (church) building’ and compounds.
In Ériu 48 (1997), pp. 153–160.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
9545.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): A lexical trek through some early Irish ‘valleys’.
In Dán do oide [Ó Cléirigh essays] (1997), pp. 325–336.
glenn; fán; fánglenn; fánaid; cobfán; srath.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
2818.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The Christianization of the early Irish cosmos?: muir mas, nem nglas, talam cé (Blath. 258).
In ZCP 49–50 (1997), pp. 532–547.
Provides a semantic study of the terms used in Irish to describe the perceived organization of the universe, focusing on the transition from the pagan Celtic three-fold cosmic conception of earth, sea and sky to the Christian dichotomy of heaven and earth. Discusses in particular material from the Blathmac poems (cf. BILL 5593).
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17713.
Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.), Nic Eoin (Máirín) (ed.): Ar thóir an fhocail chruinn: iriseoirí, téarmeolaithe agus fadhbanna an aistriúcháin / eagarthóirí: Máirín Nic Eoin agus Liam Mac Mathúna.
Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 1997. vi + 71 pp.
Papers from a symposium held in Dublin, 22 November 1996.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
16157.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Sráidainmneacha Bhaile Átha Cliath.
In Sráidainmneacha na hÉireann (1998), pp. 205–240.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
225.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Irish perceptions of the cosmos.
In Celtica 23 (1999), pp. 174–187.
Traces development of the three-fold division of the cosmos into sky, earth, and sea in Irish literature.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]     [ www ]
9587.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Celestial bodies in Irish laudatory expressions: contexts and roles.
In Studia celtica et indogermanica [Fs. Meid] (1999), pp. 229–238.
Studies examples occurring in Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn and in Old Irish Christian literature of words for sun, moon and star used in such expressions.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
5159.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Seosamh Laoide, eagarthóir.
In StH 31 (2000–2001), pp. 87–103.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
11150.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Toponyms across languages: the role of toponymy in Ireland’s language shifts.
In The Celtic Englishes 2 (2000), pp. 280–302.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
989.
Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.), Mac Murchaidh (Ciarán) (ed.), Nic Eoin (Máirín) (ed.): Teanga, pobal agus réigiún: aistí ar chultúr na Gaeltachta inniu / eagarthóirí: Liam Mac Mathúna, Ciarán Mac Murchaidh agus Máirín Nic Eoin.
Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, 2000. v + 133 pp.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
6386.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Viking and Gael meet at Dublin town: complementing the archaeological record.
In 5th Symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica (2001), pp. 65–82.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12694.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): go Dublind rissa ratter Ath Clíath: ainmneacha Gaeilge na príomhchathrach.
In Téada dúchais (2002), pp. 121–148.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
1153.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Lexical and literary aspects of ‘heart’ in Irish.
In Ériu 53 (2003), pp. 1–18.
1. Introduction; 2. Forms and declension of cride; 3. Sense of cride: 3.1 Primary sense: the physical heart; 3.2 Cride ‘centre, middle part, focus’ vs. medón and lár; 4. The heart as metaphor for courage; 5. The heart as seat and object of love: 5.1 Cnú and cride; 6. The heart as seat of emotions etc.; 7. ‘Heartbreak’ resulting in death: 7.1 General; 7.2 Deirdre; 7.3 Finnabair; 7.4 Donn Cúailnge; 7.5 Other instances; 8. Welsh parallels.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
7813.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Rannpháirtíocht sna cúrsaí difriúla Gaeilge ar an tríú leibhéal.
In TnaG 8 (2003), pp. 48–59.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
11156.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Irish shakes its head? Code-mixing as a textual response to the rise of english as a societal language in Ireland.
In The Celtic Englishes 3 (2003), pp. 276–297.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12946.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Scél lem dúib: scéal scéal.
In Aistí ag iompar scéil (2004), pp. 21–36.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
2531.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Continuity and change in early Irish words for ‘plain’: exploring narrative text and place-name divergence.
In Ériu 54 (2004), pp. 149–170.
mag, machaire, róe, clár, réid, réide.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
11162.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): What’s in an Irish name? A study of the personal naming systems of Irish and Irish English.
In The Celtic Englishes 4 (2006), pp. 64–87.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17752.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Putting smiles into words: an Irish lexical experience.
In Fs. Josephson (2006), pp. 177–211.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
6420.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): On the provenance of the early Irish topographical lexicon.
In 7th Symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica (2007), pp. 33–52.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
10297.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The growth of Irish (L1) / English (L2) literary code-mixing, 1600-1900: contexts, genres and realisations.
In The Celtic languages in contact (2007), pp. 217–234.
Paper read to the 13th ICCS, Bonn 2007.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
14861.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Béarla sa Ghaeilge. Cabhair choigríche: an códmheascadh Gaeilge/Béarla i litríocht na Gaeilge, 1600–1900.
LT, 98. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar, 2007. xv + 367 pp. (Leabhair thaighde, 98).
Rev. by
Ciarán Mac Murchaidh, in StH 35 (2008-2009), pp. 258-261.
Nancy Stenson, in Celtica 28 (2016), pp. 254-259.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12521.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Linguistic change and standardization.
In A new view of the Irish language (2008), pp. 76–92.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12875.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Snapshot or signpost? The role of English in Tadhg Ó Neachtain’s early eighteenth-century manuscripts.
In Studia Celto-Slavica 5 (2010), pp. 29–46.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15220.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): An Craoibhín, ‘fóc-lór’ agus stair chultúrtha na mothúchán.
In Béaloideas 78 (2010), pp. 126–147.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
10621.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Douglas Hyde the scholar.
In The Book of the O’Conor Don (2010), pp. 191–225.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12492.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Earthquakes and their resonances: the Irish have words for them.
In Researching the languages of Ireland (2011), pp. 63–82.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
10941.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Tadhg Ó Neachtain agus comhfhreagras cairdis, mí Feabhra 1726.
In StH 37 (2011), pp. 107–120.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12650.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh, a literary text: action sensibility and world view.
In Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh (2012), pp. 1–32.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15629.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Getting to grips with innovation and genre diversification in the work of the Ó Neachtain circle in early eighteenth-century Dublin.
In ECI 27 (2012), pp. 53–83.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15263.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Cladach, farraige agus bun na spéire: staidéar séimeantach tosaigh.
In Fs. Ó hÓgáin (2012), pp. 77–93.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15875.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Verisimilitude or subversion? Probing the interaction of English and Irish in selected warrants and macaronic verse in the eighteenth century.
In Irish and English (2012), pp. 116–140.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
11685.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Iasachtaí foclóra agus il-leaganacha logainmneacha i ndialanna Uí Chianáin agus Uí Mhealláin: spléachadh tosaigh.
In Féilscríbhinn do Chathal Ó Háinle (2012), pp. 379–404.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12890.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Seadhna, Seadna, Séadna, Shiàna agus litriú na Nua-Ghaeilge.
In Atlantic currents [Ó Catháin essays] (2012), pp. 392–410.
On the orthography used in Peadar Ó Laoire’s Séadna over its various editions published 1894-1914, and the influence of the 1904 edition on the development of contemporary Modern Irish orthography.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12882.
Almqvist (Bo) (ed.), Mac Cárthaigh (Críostóir) (ed.), Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.), Mac Mathúna (Séamus) (ed.), Watson (Seosamh) (ed.): Atlantic currents: essays on lore, literature and language. Essays in honour of Séamas Ó Catháin on the occasion of his 70th birthday, 31.12.2012 = Sruthanna an Aigéin Thiar : aistí ar sheanchas, ar litríocht agus ar theanga. Aistí in onóir do Shéamas Ó Catháin in aois a 70 bliain dó 31.12.2012 / edited by Bo Almqvist, Críostóir Mac Cárthaigh, Liam Mac Mathúna, Séamus Mac Mathúna, Seosamh Watson.
Dublin: University College Dublin, 2012. xix + 485 pp.
pp. 467-474: Séamas Ó Catháin’s printed works, [compiled by] Patricia Moloney.

Rev. by
Síle de Cléir, in Éigse 39 (2016), pp. 372-378.
Anne O’Connor, in Béaloideas 81 (2013), pp. 212-216.
Ó Catháin (Séamas) (hon.)
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12833.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Corrghliceas ainmníochta: idir Bhéarla agus Ghaeilge in ainmneacha dílse Stair Éamuinn Uí Chléire.
In Séimhfhear suairc [Fs. B. Ó Conchúir] (2013), pp. 110–123.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
12506.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The Ó Neachtain circle and the evolving intellectual world of Gaelic Dublin, c. 1730.
In Celebrating sixty years of Celtic studies at Uppsala University (2013), pp. 113–147.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21932.
Hyde (Douglas), Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.): Lia Fáil: irisleaḃar Gaeḋilge Ollscoile na h-Eireann / ar n-a ċur i n-eagar leis an gCraoiḃín (Duḃglas de h-íde.)
Dublin: Ollscoil na h-Éireann = National University of Ireland, 2013. xl + 528 pp.
Orig. publ. in four parts, 1925–1932; facsimile reproduction with orig. pagin. prepared by Liam Mac Mathúna.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
13567.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The Irish cosmos revisited: further lexical perspectives.
In Celtic cosmology (2014), pp. 10–33.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
19119.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Séadna agus Abhráin grádh Chuige Connacht: caint na ndaoine, an meon Gaelach agus an nua-aoiseacht.
In Léann 3 (2014), pp. 53–79.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
20083.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Réimeanna na ‘Gaoidhilge grinn’ i saothar Sheáin agus Thaidhg Uí Neachtáin ag tús an 18ú haois.
In Teangeolaíocht na Gaeilge XIII (2014), pp. 105–121.
Discusses the language of two scribes working in Dublin at the beginning of the 18th cent.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15173.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Lamenting the death of Dr. Edmund Byrne, Archbishop of Dublin, in 1723: exploring the connection between letters and poems.
In PHCC 33 (2014), pp. 169–188.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
17840.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Standardization, maintenance and promotion of the contemporary Irish language.
In Minority languages in Europe and beyond (2015), pp. 1–22.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21644.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Dhá dhialann taistil chaithréimeacha: Tadhg Ó Cianáin ar Mhór Roinn na hEorpa, 1607–9, agus Dúbhglas de hÍde i Meiriceá 1905–6.
In Litríocht na Gaeilge ar fud an domhain, iml. 1 (2015), pp. 85–105.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
16123.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): ‘Caint na ndaoine’ agus saothar ilghnéitheach an Athar Peadar.
In LCC 45 (2015), pp. 97–128.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15996.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): A Gaelic scholar’s approaches to recording and tabulation in early eighteenth-century Dublin.
In Studia Celto-Slavica 7 (2015), pp. 163–180.
On the life and work of Seán Ó Neachtain (c.1640–1729) and his son Tadhg (1671–c. 1752).
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21812.
Mac Mathúna (Liam), Uí Chollatáin (Regina): Bunús na scríbhneoireachta Gaeilge i suímh uirbeacha in Éirinn agus thar lear.
In Saothrú na Gaeilge scríofa i suímh uirbeacha na hÉireann (2016), pp. vii–xxi.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
19133.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): An Craoibhín Aoibhinn, 1874–1880: suim phearsanta agus suim phoiblí sa Ghaeilge.
In Léann 4 (2016), pp. 47–62.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15974.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Terminology in Rosa Anglica.
In Reassessments on Rosa Anglica (2016), pp. 57–84.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
15668.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): From early modern Ireland to the Great Famine.
In Sociolinguistics in Ireland (2016), pp. 154–175.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21811.
Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.), Uí Chollatáin (Regina) (ed.): Saothrú na Gaeilge scríofa i suímh uirbeacha na hÉireann, 1700–1850 / eagarthóirí Liam Mac Mathúna, Regina Uí Chollatáin.
Éigse occ. suppl. ser., 2. Dublin: National University of Ireland, 2016. xxi + 178 pp.
Proceedings of a conference held in University College, Dublin, May 2013.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
20046.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Great war strains and Easter Rising breaking point: Douglas Hyde’s ideological ambivalences.
In Éire-Ireland 53/1-2 (Spring/Summer, 2018), pp. 7–28.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
18297.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Polite discourse on the earls’ journey to Rome: exploring the lexical field and sensibility of ‘conversation’ in Irish.
In Studia Celto-Slavica 8 (2018), pp. 23–39.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21605.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Cion, grá, cumann agus comhbhá sa saol uirbeach nua-aoiseach gaelach: léiriú ar raon na mothúchán i saothair mhuintir Neachtain.
In ECI 33 (2018), pp. 112–132.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
20338.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): An Craoibhín Aoibhinn ina bhailitheoir óg béaloidis: fianaise a nótaí i Lámhscríbhinn G 1070, i Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann.
In Life, lore and song [uí Ógáin essays] (2019), pp. 40–53.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21100.
Hyde (Douglas), Comer (Niall) (ed.), Mac Mathúna (Liam) (ed.), Nic an Bhaird (Máire) (ed.), Ó Conchubhair (Brian) (ed.), Ó Seireadáin (Cuan) (ed.): My American journey / by Douglas Hyde; edited by Liam Mac Mathúna, Brian Ó Conchubhair, Niall Comer, Cuan Ó Seireadáin & Máire Nic an Bhaird.
University College Dublin Press = Preas Choláiste Ollscoile Bhaile Átha Cliath: Dublin, 2019. lxviii + 361 pp.
Rev. by
Bobbie Nolan, in StH 48 (2022), pp. 177-179.
Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, in IHS 44, nº 166 (Nov., 2020), pp. 397-399.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
19835.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Language identity, ideology and historical bilingualism in Ireland.
In Irish identities (2020), pp. 45–68.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
19967.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Poems for all seasons: the Ó Neachtains address their clerical friends in good times and bad.
In Scotha cennderca cen on [Fs. S. Mac Mathúna] (2020), pp. 103–122.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21775.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): A tale of two manuscripts: contrasting the subject-matter and approaches of Tadgh Ó Neachtain in two manuscripts.
In Hidden harmonies (2021), pp. 115–142.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
21550.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): The Ó Neachtain window on Gaelic Dublin, 1700–1750.
CSCL, 4. Cork: Cork studies in Celtic literatures, 2021. iv + 110 pp. (Cork studies in Celtic literatures, 4).
Rev. by
Fintan Keegan, in Celtica 34 (2022), pp. 203-212.
Máire Nic Cathmhaoil, in ZCP 70 (2023), pp. 175-196.
Peadar Ó Muircheartaigh, in StC 56 (2022), pp. 141-143.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]
22217.
Mac Mathúna (Liam): Irish-English bilingualism.
In The Oxford handbook of Irish English (2024), pp. 75–92.
[ Details ]     [ PDF Format ]